Thursday, May 21, 2020

Methods And Materials Primer Design And Cloning - 768 Words

Methods and Materials: Primer Design and Cloning: To explore regions of the Drosophila genome that weren’t categorized by Stark lab fragments, we used a molecular approach to design novel candidate enhancers from the ChIP sequence peaks. This approach also allowed us to create narrower fragments (approximately 1000 bp), focusing on enhancer activity and reducing the chance of background activity. Fragments containing in vivo Bcd and Otd binding signals were selected by searching between 500 bp upstream to 500 bp downstream of the primary binding peaks from ChIP sequence data (Datta, Unpublished) for Bcd Early (BcdE), Otd Late (OtdL), Otd Early (OtdE), or both BcdE and OtdL. We designed primers for the top candidate enhancers using Primer3, calculating for appropriate GC content and melting temperature (primers ordered through Integrated DNA Technologies, Iowa). Restriction enzyme sites (AscI at 5` and BglII at 3’) were incorporated into the primers. Standard PCR amplification (Chen et al.) was performed with wildtype f ly genomic DNA and candidate primers. Qiagenâ„ ¢ kits were used for PCR purification and gel extraction. Vector Construction and Transgenesis: Reporter gene construction was conducted to obtain flies that contained the candidate enhancers. Reporter genes were constructed using the piB-HC-lacZ vector (Chen et al, 2012). The piB-HC-lacZ vector contains a 4.0 kb HindIII-SphI fragment, including an eve basal promotor, the lacZ-coding region, and the 3’ UTR from theShow MoreRelatedPolymerase Chain Reaction Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesOne may view cloning as copying a living thing and producing multiple copies. People may think of cloning rabbits, sheep or humans. In the field of molecular biology, however cloning is viewed at a genetic molecular level, where a piece of DNA is copied on a large-scale by genetically copying tens to hundreds of thousands of identical DNA fragments. Researchers are developing new methods of cloning by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was introduced in the 1980s and in recent years KaryRead MoreA Segment Of The Will Die Slowly Gene From Drosophila Melanogaster1688 Words   |   7 PagesTitle: â€Å"PCR amplification, TA cloning, sequencing and sequence analysis of a segment of the will die slowly gene from Drosophila melanogaster.† Abstact: A seemingly novel gene sequence has been discovered in fruit flies from Nicholas Harden’s lab at Simon Fraser University using random PCR primers. Attempts at purifying and characterizing this gene have been elusive. Here, we show methods for isolating, amplifying, and purifying the gene of interest for analysis. Using polymerase chain reactionRead MoreFoundation of Molecular Biology3718 Words   |  15 Pages Give an account of chromosome structure. The DNA molecule is structured into a thread-like shape in the nucleus of each cell which is the chromosome. Chromosomes are composed of 50 % DNA (deoxy-ribonucleic acid) and 50 % proteins. The genetic material or DNA is wrapped around the histone protein to form a nucleosome.    About 200 base pairs (bp) of DNA coil around one histone.   The next level of organization of the chromatin is the 30 nm fibe, a solenoid structure with about 6 nucleosomes per turnRead MoreDna Sequences Using Polymerase Chain Reaction1605 Words   |  7 PagesEdwina Abou Haidar, Houssam Al Koussa, Mary AbedAlAhad. Department of Biology, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon Abstract The 16s rRNA gene sequencing is a widely common amplicon sequencing method used to identify and compare bacteria in a given sample. This method is well established and allows to study phylogeny and taxonomy of complex microbiomes. In this study, an unknown sample of extracted microbial DNA was analyzed by performing the polymerase chain reaction followedRead MoreThe Reaction Of Polymerase Chain Reaction1823 Words   |  8 Pagestechnology that has made a tremendous impact on researchers, and has also affected many aspects of our everyday lives. The introduction of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the study of life as a tool for the biological sciences. Molecular cloning allowed the study of individual genes of living organisms; however there was dependence of obtaining a relatively large quantity of pure DNA. Scientists found it extremely difficult to get a specific DNA in quantity from the mass of genes presentRead MoreTechnical Report On The Hepatitis C Viru s Rna Polymerase Chain Reaction1815 Words   |  8 PagesTOUCHTABLE UI/UX DESIGN : TECHNICAL REPORT ( BY RISHABH ) Declaration TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT Read MoreAp Biology2177 Words   |  9 Pagesall living organisms. For TWO of the following examples, explain in detail, how the transfer of information is accomplished. A) The genetic material in one eukaryotic cell is copied and distributed to two identical daughter cells. B) A gene in a eukaryotic cell is transcribed and translated to produce a protein. C) The genetic material from one bacterial cell enters another via transformation, transduction or conjugation. 16 total pts possible A) max 8 pts combined (4 ptsRead More The Genetic Basis of Adaptive Melanism on Pocket Mice Essay2607 Words   |  11 Pageswith a dark coat. Since this mechanism is known to produce dark mice in the lab, MC1R and agouti are the first two genes studied here, in the hope that one of these two genes will have changed in the dark mice to produce the dark coat. Materials and Methods For this experiment, live mice were obtained from the Pedro Armendaris lava flow in New Mexico, and the Pinacate lava flow in Arizona. Mice were also live trapped at Avra Valley and Portal. These four sites gave a sample of 70 miceRead MoreCystic Fibrosis : A Disease That Causes Problems Within The Lungs And Digestive Systems Essay2901 Words   |  12 Pagescan undergo human manipulations such as Selective Breeding and Gene Therapy. Introduction to Gene Manipulation Genetic manipulation refers to any method used to manipulate genetic material. Genetic transfer is when genes are transferred from one organism to another, and human manipulation of genetic transfer is where humans manipulate genetic material through genetic transfer to benefit organisms. E.g. Preventing diseases being genetically inherited, improving quality of plants, and selecting preferredRead MoreCloud Computing Security67046 Words   |  269 Pagesmultiple areas of cloud security. Deliverables now in use from the TCI Architecture to the GRC Stack were inspired by previous versions of the guidance, and it is our hope that this version will be no different. The guidance serves as a high level primer for chief executives, consumers, and implementers wishing to adopt cloud services as an alternative or supplement to traditional infrastructure. However, the guidance is designed with innovation in mind. Those with an entrepreneurial mindset should

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Einstein - 1250 Words

Psychological Development of Albert Einstein Erica Hopkins PSY 300 Psychological Development of Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was one of the most intelligent, driven and moral minds of the 20th century. His early preparation in education and wonder greatly contributed to his eventual success and scientific advancements for the world. Einstein had a great support system around him at all times it seems. He was born on March 14, 1879 as the first child to Hermann and Pauline Einstein in Ulm Germany. (Krakow, 2004). His father was a business owner and gave Einstein a head start in mechanics and technology. (Krakow, 2004). Einstein had a younger sister born 2 years after him which contributed to his family support system. (Krakow,†¦show more content†¦When he was 12 years old studied with a Rabbi in order to prepare for his Bar-Mizwa yet did not attend his own celebration as he felt that he was more of an independent thinker at that point. Einstein had a few moral flaws. He had a few affairs, his marriage ended in divorce and he ended up marrying his cousin (Isaacson, 2007). After the birth of his grandchild, he developed more of a pacifist agenda. Possibly related to some environmental need to create a safe world for his offspring. His fun and peaceful personality was shaped by his social support system, m oral upbringing and cognitive abilities. Einstein was a unique personality for sure. I applied the five-factor model to examine his personality traits. It seems as though Einstein was high on the openness traits as he seemed like an intellectual who took action in his life. He was able to think of ideas that were completely new to society. He was a violinist from the age of five when his mother began his violin lessons (Isaacson, 2007). The violin is an artistic interest. Albert Einstein’s ability to overcome numerous let downs with his education and career showed great flexibility and his peaceful influence on the world in the form of peace activism showed values and emotional openness. All these factors contribute to the openness factor. I can see numerous other traits that could also apply to Einstein. But only within that category do I see all the factors applyingShow MoreRelatedEinstein Report1660 Words   |  7 PagesAlbert Einstein is possibly considered to be the greatest scientist of all time. He is well kn own for coming up with the theory of relativity described by the formula e=mc2, where energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. His accomplishments in physics helped start the nuclear age with nuclear weapons and power. Like most famous people he changed the world in a variety of ways. The most significant ways Einstein made the world a better place were his achievements in science, pacifismRead MoreThe Contributions Of Albert Einstein1197 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 6, 2016 2nd Period Mrs. Watson Albert Einstein Research Paper There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. (Einstein). Through Albert Einstein s eyes, everything that exists in the world is a miracle. Einstein s discoveries have proved the science world that the elements which make up the earth are indeed miracles. Albert Einstein is one of the most accomplished mathematicians and scientistsRead MoreEssay on Albert Einstein985 Words   |  4 PagesEducation The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education -Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Germany to a Jewish couple. While having initial complications with a misshapen head during child birth, he grew normally. However it was commented by Albert Einsteins relatives that he was a little slow. Einsteins lack of intelligent was shown by his late age of learning how to speak. His first formal education (besides the private education he receivedRead More Albert Einstein Essays842 Words   |  4 Pages Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm. He was raised in Munich, where his family owned a small electrical machinery shop. Though he did not even begin to speak until he was three, he showed a great curiosity of nature and even taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12. Albert despised school life, thinking it dull and boring, so when his family decided to move to Milan, Italy, Einstein took the opportunity to drop out of school, only 15 at the time. AfterRead MoreThe Life Of Albert Einstein923 Words   |  4 Pages2015 5th Period The Life of Albert Einstein Albert Einstein, the son of Hermann and Pauline Einstein, was born on March 14, 1879, at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany. Shortly after his birth, his family moved to Munich, where he would begin his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. In 1894, his parents decide to move to Pavia, Italy, but Einstein wanted to finish the school year. He only stayed for six months and then joined his family in Italy. One year later, Einstein took the entrance exam for the SwissRead MoreThe Physics Of Albert Einstein1284 Words   |  6 PagesRobbie Patio BIO 101 Professor Dartley 4/16/15 Albert Einstein Most people know who Albert Einstein is and how great of a physicist he was, yet many aren’t aware that Albert Einstein had not even finished high school! Most would think that a person who doesn’t complete high school is dumb, and lazy. The fact is, Einstein did not complete high school, not because he was dumb or lazy. At the age of 15, he quit high school because he did not agree with the way the teachers taught. He thought that theRead More Albert Einstein Essay678 Words   |  3 PagesAlbert Einstein Einstein was born in 1879 in Germany. When he was a small child he didn’t show any high intelligence. In fact he even took a while to learn how to speak. He was a smart kid but it took a while for people to notice his intelligence. He would ask questions his own teachers couldn’t answer and he even taught himself calculus. He took an entrance exam for Swiss Federal Polytechnic School and failed. He failed but he was still admitted a year later. While doing his regular work heRead More Albert Einstein Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pageslife. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle. Albert Einstein was the first child born to Hermann and Pauline Einstein, Jewish, middle-class Germans, on March 14, 1879 at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany. Alberts sister, Maria, was born in November of 1881. They remained close throughout their lives.Einstein and sister 1 The Einstein family moved to Munich in 1880 to start their own business. Albert began his secondary schooling at Luitpold-GymnasiumRead MoreAlbert Einstein Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert Einstein Einstein, Albert (1879-1955), was one of the greatest scientists of all time. He is best known for his theory of relativity, which he first advanced when he was only 26. He also made many other contributions to science. Einsteins relativity theory revolutionized scientific thought with new conceptions of time, space, mass, motion, and gravitation. He treated matter and energy as exchangeable, not distinct. 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Athens Under Solon Free Essays

string(167) " limit was set to his powers and every function of the state was committed to his charge, the magistracies, the public assemblies, the courts of law and the Councils\." When the city of Athens stood on the brink of revolution, the citizens of Athens looked upon Solon and gave him the task of creating new laws for them because of troubles that had been plaguing them for a long time. â€Å" They saw that he more than anyone else in city, stood apart from the injustices of the time and was involved neither in the extortions of the rich nor the privations of the poor† (Plutarch 55, Par 1). In this paper I will be writing of changes that took effect under Solon and whether those changes resolved the conflicts that brought Athens on the brink of revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Athens Under Solon or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, I will be writing about the conflict over land ownership and slavery between aristocrats and common people, who appointed Solon as reconciler and archon and whether his new laws resolved those conflicts. Secondly, I will be writing of conflict over power between aristocrats and aristocrats, feuds that used to run between families and would not get resolved until there was no one left to take revenge on and how Solon’s new laws changed that. And another laws of Solon’s that he was highly appraised for to make an Athens better place under him such as laws on Dowry, Inheritance, and Wills. Thirdly, I will be writing of political laws that took places under Solon’s era and how he secured those laws against alteration for a hundred years that gave powers to common people in Athens. The Two sources I will be using to write this paper are The Athenian Constitution (The document given in class by Prof. Trumbach) and Plutarch: The Rise and fall of Athens (Textbook assigned for class). Aristocrats vs. Peasants Before I write about the conflict between the aristocrats and the common people, you must know the geographical system of Athens and the people who worked on those lands and how that contributed to the conflict. The city of Athens was divided into as many parties as there were geographical features in its territory. First there were aristocrats, people who lived in plain, who supported an oligarchy government and had the best and most fertile land (The Athenian Constitution 2). The party of the hill (Peasants with land on the hill) supported an extreme democracy so the new government can redistribute the land and they can have some of the fertile land which was all owned by aristocrats. Their land was so unfertile that sometimes they had to eat their own seed to survive due to bad harvest and borrow seeds from aristocrats and pledge their own freedom. When they were unable to pay back their debt, they were seized by their creditors and being enslaved at home or were sold to foreigners aboard. Many parents were even forced to sell their own children because there was no law to prevent that from happening (The Athenian Constitution 2). Then there were sharecroppers (Thetes) who supported a mixed form of government. These were the peasants who had no lands of their own and rented a land from aristocrats. As a rent they would pay one sixth of their crop which left them with just enough crop to survive. Sharecroppers lived on very tight budget. They were always left over with just enough to survive year to year and had no social mobility whatsoever. They were born poor and died poor. The City stood at the brink of revolution and the poor people could not take any more harshness from their creditors† (Plutarch 54, Par 2). â€Å"At this point poor rose against notables, the strife was fierce but they held out against each other for very long time. Eventually tired from fighting both sides agreed to appoint Solon as reconciler and archon and entrusted the Athens to him† (The Athenian Constitution 2). â€Å"After gaining control, first measure Solon put into force, he discharged all the debts of common people whether it was public or private that they owed to aristocrats which the Athenians called the â€Å"Shaking-off of Burden†. He freed all enslaved and put in a law that in future nobody could accept the person of a debtor as a security† (The Athenian Constitution 3). Hill peasants were now free from slavery and debt but their problems were still not solved. They wanted Solon to redistribute the land which he did not do, but instead he made Olive oil the only product of Athens allowed to be exported. So if there was anything extra leftover from the farms of aristocrats, they had no choice but to give to starving poor and Hill peasants. If anyone were to export anything but oil be punished by archon or should pay fine to the public treasury† (Plutarch 66, Par 3). After making Attica a great and secure place to live, he realized that the city was filling up with people in a steady stream from everywhere in Greek; at the same time he realized that most of the country was still poor and unproductive, and people elsewhere are not in the habit of sending their goods to those who have nothing to offer in exchange. He therefore encouraged the sharecroppers to turn to the arts and crafts of manufacture and made a law that no son was obliged to support his father unless the father first taught the son a trade of some kind† (Plutarch 64, Par 2). At first, the changes Solon made did not please either party. The rich were angry because of being deprived of their securities and losing out on their property and the poor even more so, because Solon did not carry out a redistribution of the land as they had expected him to do† (Plutarch 58, Par 2). However, it was not long before they realized that what Solon had done was great and saw the advantages of his policy. Athenians were so happy that they went on to appoint Solon to reform the constitution and draw up a code of laws. No limit was set to his powers and every function of the state was committed to his charge, the magistracies, the public assemblies, the courts of law and the Councils. You read "Athens Under Solon" in category "Papers" He had authority to decide the property qualifications, the numbers and the times of meeting of each of these bodies and also to preserve or dissolve all existing institution as he thought fit. Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats After Solon became the authority figure and champion of people, he established a constitution and formed other laws to make Athens better place to live. Athens had long been troubled by the blood-feuds of aristocrat’s families that had been trying to gain political control of the city, which in Solon time were the families of Cylon and Megacles. Family of Cylon wanted to seize the control of Athens and Megacles’ family wanted to stop them. At the time of Solon this feud was at its height and the city was torn between them. So after Solon came to mediate between them and Megacles’ family was found guilty, he enacted a new law to protect common people. â€Å"He gave every citizen the privilege of going to law on behalf of any one whose rights was violated. For instance, if a man was assaulted or suffered violence or injury, anybody who had the ability and the desire to do so was entitled to bring a suit and prosecute the offender. In this way every citizens of Athens come close to each other and sympathize with one another’s wrong and became loyal to each other and not just to their friends and families† (Plutarch 60, Par 2). â€Å"Seeing that the city was always in a state of strife and some tyrant is always trying to take control of the city and some of the citizens through apathy accepted whatever might happen, Solon made a special law to deal with them. If when the city is torn by a feud and anyone should refuse to place his arms at the disposal of either side should be outlawed and have no share in the city† (The Athenian Constitution 4). â€Å"Solon was admired for another law that he made which deals with Will. Before Solon wills were not allowed and if someone who owns the property dies, the estate of the deceased was bound to remain within his family. However, Solon allowed any man who had no children to choose their heir, showing that he rated friendship above the ties of blood and free choice above necessity† (Plutarch 63, Par 3). In another law, Solon abolished dowries. The bride had to bring nothing but three changes of clothes and small necessity of small value to her new home. Solon object was that marriage is pure and it should not be seen as profit- making institution, two people should get married to gain each other’s love and affection not property† (Plutarch 62, Par 2). â€Å"Solon also for bade slaves to rub themselves with olive oil, to practice in the gym or to have a boy lover. He made this law so the young aristocrats’ boys hang out with people only in their class, with people who can teach them the aristocratic ways and educate them for future† (Plutarch 42, Par 2). â€Å"However, Solon’s law concerning women seem incongruous to some extent. For example, he made it illegal to kill any adulterer who was caught in the act. The offence of rape against a free woman was punished by a fine of no more than 100 drachmae. He also made it illegal for a man to sell his daughter or sister, unless he discovered that she was no longer a virgin showing he did not care much about women’s right† (Plutarch 65, Par 3). Political Structure â€Å"As soon Solon gained all the power in Athens, he abolished all the Draconian laws because of their harshness and the excessively heavy penalties they carried; the only exceptions he made were to the laws relating to homicide† (Plutarch 59, Par 2). â€Å"Solon wanted to leave all the offices of state in the hands of the rich, as he found them but at the same time he wanted to give the common people (Thetes) a share in other sector of government which they had never before possessed. So he took a census of each citizen’s property and divided them in four different Categories. Those who received an annual income of 500 measures were placed in the first class. People who owned horses and paid ‘horse tax’ or possessed an income of 300 measures were placed in the second class. The third class was People whose yearly income amounted to 200 measures. Rest of the citizen body was known as thetes, common people and peasants. Solon distributed major offices, such as the nine archons, the treasurer, and the sellers among first three classes according to the level of their assessment. People who were considered thetes were not entitled to hold office and their only political function consisted in sitting in the Assembly or on a Jury. First this new changes to the constitution appeared to be worth very little and nobody took much interest in it, but later on became extremely important, because the majority of the disputes were settled in front of a jury and that jury was now consist of 98% common people. Even in those cases which Solon placed under the jurisdiction of the magistrates, he then also allowed the right of appeal to the popular court. And if the popular court were unable to settle the case in accordance to law, cases then were to be handled by jury, so that in sense the jurors became the arbiters of the law. And because most of bodies in Athens that time were common people, they were the one to hold most position in jury† (Plutarch 60, Par 2). â€Å"Solon then established the council of the Areopagus, which was composed of men who had previously held the annual office of archon, as he was once before. He too became a member of Areopagus. He saw people were becoming restive and unruly because of their release from their debts. He then formed a second chamber consisting of 400 men, 100 being drawn from each of the four classes. Its functions were to deliberate public business in advance of the general assembly, and not to allow any matter to be brought before the Areopagus without its having been discussed. He charged the upper chamber with the task of exercising a general supervision and acting as guardian of the laws. His object here was that the state with its two councils should ride, as it were, at double anchor and should therefore be less exposed to the buffetings of party politics and better able to secure tranquility for the people† (Plutarch 61, Par 2). He also made another law that all his laws were to remain in force for a hundred years, and they were written on a axons, or wooden tablets which was covered with a wooden frame for generations to remember† (Plutarch 67, Par 2). In Conclusion, Solon is considered as the first lawmaker that set the ground for the creation of the democracy, the government system that made Athens powerful and granted the city fame for the centuries to come. The most democratic of Solon’s enactments were these three: the first, and greatest, the forbidding of loans on the person [i. . using oneself as security for a loan, foreclosure resulting in slavery]; the second, the possibility for anyone who wishes to sue over wrongdoings; and third, reform of the political structure of Athens which gave the power to common people to sit in the jury for the first time eve in the history of Greece. In his reform measures, he pleased neither the common people who wanted the land redistributed nor the landowners who wanted to keep all their property to themselves. Instead, he did what he thought was right for Athens. How to cite Athens Under Solon, Papers